The composition of the 50 mm wall thickness P91 steel pipe section, measured by optical emission spectroscopy and inductively-coupled plasma is:
0.10 C, 0.05 N, B < 0.0005, 0.29 Si, 0.4 Mn, 0.01 P, 0.01 S, 8.5 Cr, 0.9 Mo, 0.12 Ni, 0.01 Al, 0.2 V, 0.13 Cu, 0.07 Nb wt percent
The steel was supplied in the normalised and tempered condition.
Weld heat input either 0.8, 1.6 or 2.4 kJ/mm, as indicated in the captions.
The welding process for the filling passes was
flux-cored arc welding with a matching filler wire measuring 1.2 mm in
diameter. We used a single Vee joint preparation having an included angle
of 30°.
geometry
Schematic illustration of the positions where the photographs below were taken. The HAZ is the heat-affected zone.
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Montage of weld
0.8 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photographs are taken along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing. Higher magnification snapshots follow.
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Martensite, HAZ
0.8 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 6 in the heat affected zone (HAZ), along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
0.8 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 5 in the heat affected zone (HAZ), along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
0.8 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 4 in the heat affected zone (HAZ), along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
0.8 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 3 in the heat affected zone (HAZ), along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
0.8 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 2 in the heat affected zone (HAZ), along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, weld metal
0.8 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 1 in the weld metal, along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Montage of weld
0.8 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photographs are taken along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing. Higher magnification snapshots follow.
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Martensite HAZ
0.8 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 6 of the HAZ, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
0.8 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 5 of the HAZ, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
0.8 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 4 of the HAZ, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
0.8 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 3 of the HAZ, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, weld metal
0.8 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 2 of the weld metal, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, weld metal
0.8 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 1 of the weld metal, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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geometry
Schematic illustration of the positions where the photographs below were taken. The HAZ is the heat-affected zone.
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Montage of Weld
01.6 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photographs are taken along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing. Higher magnification snapshots follow.
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Martensite, HAZ
1.6 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 7 in the heat affected zone (HAZ), along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
1.6 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 6 in the heat affected zone (HAZ), along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
1.6 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 5 in the heat affected zone (HAZ), along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
1.6 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 4 in the heat affected zone (HAZ), along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
1.6 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 3 in the heat affected zone (HAZ), along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
1.6 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 2 in the heat affected zone (HAZ), along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, weld metal
1.6 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 1 in the weld metal, along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Montage of weld
1.6 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photographs are taken along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing. Higher magnification snapshots follow.
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Martensite, HAZ
1.6 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 7 of the HAZ, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
1.6 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 6 of the HAZ, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
1.6 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 5 of the HAZ, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
1.6 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 4 of the HAZ, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
1.6 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 3 of the HAZ, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, weld metal
1.6 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 2 of the weld metal, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, weld metal
1.6 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 1 of the weld metal, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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geometry
Schematic illustration of the positions where the photographs below were taken. The HAZ is the heat-affected zone.
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Montage of weld
2.4 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photographs are taken along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing. Higher magnification snapshots follow.
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Martensite, HAZ
2.4 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 8 in the heat affected zone (HAZ), along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
2.4 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 7 in the heat affected zone (HAZ), along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
2.4 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 6 in the heat affected zone (HAZ), along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
2.4 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 5 in the heat affected zone (HAZ), along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
2.4 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 4 in the heat affected zone (HAZ), along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
2.4 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 3 in the heat affected zone (HAZ), along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
2.4 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 2 in the heat affected zone (HAZ), along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
2.4 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 1 in the heat affected zone (HAZ), along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, fusion surface
2.4 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 2 at the fusion line, along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, fusion line
2.4 kJ/mm heat input. The photograph was taken at position 1 including the fusion line, along a horizontal traverse which does not include any weld-bead overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Montage of weld
2.4 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photographs are taken along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing. Higher magnification snapshots follow
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Martensite, HAZ
2.4 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 8 of the HAZ, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
2.4 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 7 of the HAZ, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
2.4 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 6 of the HAZ, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
2.4 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 5 of the HAZ, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, HAZ
2.4 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 4 of the HAZ, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, weld metal
2.4 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 3 of the weld metal, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, weld metal
2.4 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 2 of the weld metal, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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Martensite, weld metal
2.4 kJ/mm heat input. Montage with weld metal on the right and heat-affected zone on the left. The photograph was taken at position 1 of the weld metal, along a horizontal traverse which covers the 'recrystallised' region where weld-beads overlap, as illustrated in the schematic drawing.
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