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The time-temperature transformation (TTT) diagram for a typical steel reveals that there is a wide range of intermediate temperatures within which neither pearlite nor martensite forms. Instead, fine aggregates of ferrite plates (or laths) and cementite particles are formed. The generic terms
for these intermediate structures is bainite. This microstructure was first found by Davenport and Edgar Bain in their studies of the isothermal decomposition
of austenite. Bainite also occurs during athermal treatments
at cooling rates too fast for pearlite to form, and yet not rapid enough to produce martensite. The nature of bainite changes as the transformation
temperature is lowered. Two main forms can be identified,
upper and lower bainite.
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