Bainite in Steels - 2nd Edition

Movies showing the book being printed at Cambridge University Press: Video 1 Video 2 Video 3 Video 4 Video 5

H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia Published by the Institute of Materials Publication Date March 2001 460pp ISBN 1 86125 112 2 (H) Price: £54.00 or $90 The book is available free in electronic form: Preface, Contents Introduction Bainitic Ferrite Carbide Precipitation Tempering of Bainite Thermodynamics Kinetics Upper and Lower Bainite Stress and Strain Effects From Bainite to Austenite Acicular Ferrite Other Morphologies of Bainite Mechanical Properties Modern Bainitic Alloys Other Aspects The Transformations in Steel References Author Index Subject Index Complete Book (83 Mb) Complete Book (6 Mb) Book review, Steel Times International. Book review, Dymat Other literature on bainite Physical Properties of Martensite and Bainite Other literature on martensite Bainite at the Science Museum Bainite blog

Contents List

Preface

Acknowledgments

Nomenclature

• Abbreviations

1. Introduction

• The Discovery of Bainite
• The Early Research
  • Crystallography
  • The Incomplete Reaction Phenomenon
  • Carbon Redistribution
  • Thermodynamics
  • Paraequilibrium
  • Kinetics
• Bainitic Steels: Industrial Practice
• Summary of the Early Research

2. Bainitic Ferrite

• Sheaves of Bainite
  • Morphology
  • Thickness of Bainite Plates
• Dislocation Density
• Quantitative Estimation of the Dislocation Density
• Chemical Composition
  • Substitutional Alloying Elements
  • Interstitial Alloying Elements
• Crystallography
  • Autocatalytic Nucleation
• Crystallographic Theory
  • Application to Bainite
  • High-Resolution Studies of the Shape Change
  • The Shape Change: Further Considerations
  • The Shape Change and The Superledge Mechanism
  • The Structure of the Interface
  • The Crystallography of a Lath of Bainite
• Microstructure of Bainite: The Midrib
• Summary

3. Carbide Precipitation

• Upper Bainite
• Lower Bainite
  • Precipitation within Lower Bainitic Ferrite
  • Precipitation between Lower Bainitic Ferrite Platelets
• Kinetics of Carbide Precipitation
  • Partitioning and Distribution of Carbon
  • Kinetics of Precipitation from Residual Austenite
  • Kinetics of Precipitation within Bainitic Ferrite
• Crystallography of Carbide Precipitation in Bainite
  • Cementite: Orientation Relationships
  • The Habit Plane of Cementite
  • Interphase Precipitation
  • Three-Phase Crystallography
  • Relief of Strain Energy
  • Epsilon-Carbide
  • Eta-Carbide
  • Chi-Carbide
• Chemical Composition of Bainitic Carbides
• Summary

4. Tempering of Bainite

• Introduction
• Tempering Kinetics
• Tempering of Steels Containing Austenite
  • Redistribution of Substitutional Solutes
  • Decomposition of Austenite
• Coarsening of Cementite
• Secondary Hardening and The Precipitation of Alloy Carbides
• Changes in the Composition of Cementite
  • Remanent Life Prediction
  • Theory for Carbide Enrichment
  • Effect of Carbon on Carbide Enrichment
• Sequence of Alloy Carbide Precipitation
  • Effect of Starting Microstructure on Tempering Reactions
• Changes in the Composition of Alloy Carbides
• Precipitation Hardening with Copper
• Summary

5. Thermodynamics

• Deviations from Equilibrium
• Chemical Potential
• Stored Energy due to Transformation
• Thermodynamics of Growth
  • Substitutional Solutes during Growth
  • Interstitial Solutes during Growth
  • Approach to Equilibrium
• Summary

6. Kinetics

• Thermodynamics of Nucleation
  • Transformation-Start Temperature
  • Evolution of the Nucleus
• Possible Mechanisms of Nucleation
• Bainite Nucleation
• Empirical Equation for the Bainite-Start Temperature
• The Nucleation Rate
• Growth Rate
  • Theory for the Lengthening of Plates
  • Growth Rate of Sheaves of Bainite
  • Growth Rate of Sub-Units of Bainite
  • Solute-Drag
• Partitioning of Carbon from Supersaturated Bainitic Ferrite
• Growth with Partial Supersaturation
  • Stability
  • The Interface Response Functions
  • Calculated Data on Transformation with Partial Supersaturation
  • Summary
• Cooperative Growth of Ferrite and Cementite
• Overall Transformation Kinetics
  • Isothermal Transformation Kinetics
  • Mechanistic Formulation of the Avrami Equation
  • Austenite Grain Size Effects
  • Anisothermal Transformation Kinetics
• Simultaneous Transformations
  • Special Cases
  • Precipitation in Secondary Hardening Steels
  • Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) Diagrams
  • Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams
  • Boron, Sulphur and the Rare Earth Elements
• Superhardenability
• The Effect of Chemical Segregation
• Martensitic Transformation in Partially Bainitic Steels
  • Autocatalysis
• Summary

7. Upper & Lower Bainite

• The Matas and Hehemann Model
• Quantitative Model
  • Time to Decarburise Supersaturated Ferrite
  • Kinetics of Cementite Precipitation
  • Quantitative Estimation of the Transition Temperature
  • Comparison of Theory and Experimental Data
  • Mixed Microstructures Obtained By Isothermal Transformation
• Other Consequences of the Transition
• Comparison with the Tempering of Martensite
• Summary

8. Stress and Strain Effects

• The Mechanical Driving Force
• The B_d Temperature
• General Observations
  • Externally Applied Stress
  • Internally Generated Stress
• Plastic Deformation and Mechanical Stabilisation
  • Technological Implications of Mechanical Stabilisation
• The Effect on Microstructure
• The Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure
• Mechanical Stability of Retained Austenite
• Transformation under Constraint: Residual Stresses
• Anisotropic Strain Due to Transformation Plasticity
• Stress-Affected Carbide Precipitation
• Summary

9. From Bainite to Austenite

• Heating a Mixture of Austenite and Upper Bainitic Ferrite
  • One-Dimensional Growth From a Mixture of Austenite and Bainitic Ferrite
  • Estimation of the Parabolic Thickening Rate Constant
• Anisothermal Transformation
• Heating a Mixture of Cementite and Bainitic Ferrite
• Effects Associated with Rapid Heating
• Summary

10. Acicular Ferrite

• General Characteristics and Morphology
• Mechanism of Growth
• Mechanism of Nucleation
• Nucleation and the Role of Inclusions
  • Aluminium and Titanium Oxides
  • Sulphur
  • Phosphorus
  • Nitrogen, Titanium and Boron
  • Boron and Hydrogen
  • Stereological Effects
• Effect of Inclusions on the Austenite Grain Size in Welds
• Influence of Other Transformation Products
  • Some Specific Effects of Allotriomorphic Ferrite
• Lower Acicular Ferrite
• Stress-Affected Acicular Ferrite
• Effect of Strain on the Acicular Ferrite Transformation
• Inoculated Acicular Ferrite Steels
  • Some Difficulties with the Inclusion Nucleation Model
  • Steelmaking Technology for the Inoculated Alloys
• Summary

11. Other Morphologies of Bainite

• Granular Bainite
• Inverse Bainite
• Columnar Bainite
• "Pearlitic" Bainite
• Grain Boundary Lower Bainite
• Summary

12. Mechanical Properties

• General Introduction
• The Strength of Bainite
  • Hardness
  • Tensile Strength
  • Effect of Austenite Grain Size
  • Effect of Tempering on Strength
  • The Strength Differential Effect
  • Temperature Dependence of Strength
• Ratio of Proof Stress to Ultimate Tensile Strength
• Ductility
  • Ductility: The Role of Retained Austenite
• Impact Toughness
  • Fully Bainitic Structures
• Fracture Mechanics Approach to Toughness
  • Microstructural Interpretation of K_IC
  • Cleavage Crack Path
• Temper Embrittlement
  • 650^oC Reversible Temper Embrittlement
  • 300^oC to 350^oC Temper Embrittlement
  • 300^oC to 350^oC Tempered-Martensite Embrittlement
• The Fatigue Resistance of Bainitic Steels
  • Fatigue of Smooth Specimens
  • Fatigue Crack Growth Rates
  • Fatigue in Laser Hardened Samples
  • Fatigue and Retained Austenite
  • Corrosion Fatigue
• Stress Corrosion Resistance
• The Creep Resistance of Bainitic Steels
  • Heat Treatment
  • 2.25Cr1Mo Type Steels
  • 1CrMoV Type Steels
  • CrMoV Type Steels
  • Enhanced Cr-Mo Bainitic Steels
  • Tungsten-Strengthened Steels
  • Regenerative Heat Treatments
  • Transition Metal Joints
• Reduced-Activation Steels
• Steels with Mixed Microstructures
• Summary

13. Modern Bainitic Alloys

• Alternatives to the Ferrite-Pearlite Microstructure
• Strength
• Bainitic Steels
• Controlled-Rolling of Bainitic Steels
  • Crystallographic Texture
• Rapidly Cooled Control-Rolled Steels
  • Pipeline and Plate Steels
  • Process Parameters
  • Chemical Segregation
• Steels with a High Formability
  • TRIP-Assisted Steels
  • Dieless Drawn Bainitic Steels
• Ultra-Low Carbon Bainitic Steels
• Bainitic Forging Steels
• High-Strength Bainitic Steels without Carbides
• Thermomechanically Processed High-Strength Steels
  • Ausformed Bainitic Steels
  • Strain-Tempered Bainitic Steels
  • Creep Tempering of Bainite
• Bainite in Rail Steels
  • Track Materials
  • Silicon-Rich Carbide-free Bainitic Rail Steels
  • Wheels
  • Bearing Alloys
• Bainitic Cast Irons
  • Wear of Bainitic Cast Irons

14. Other Aspects

• Bainite in Iron and its Substitutional Alloys
• Weldability of Bainitic Steels
• Electrical Resistance
• Internal Friction
• Internal Stress
• Bainite in iron-nitrogen alloys
• Effect of Hydrogen on Bainite Formation

15. The Transformations in Steels

• Key Characteristics of Transformations in Steels
• Notes Related to Table 15.1

16. References

17. Author Index

18. Subject Index

Purchase

The book can be ordered on-line (or by mail, fax) from the Institute of Materials.

Special Journal Issue on Bainite

POSCO Lectures on Bainite

• Video: Microstructure
  • Slides
• Video: Mechanism
  • Slides
• Video: Properties
  • Slides
• Video: Superbainite
  • Slides
• Lecture notes